leucovorin calcium

P2, N=2, Active, not recruiting, National Cancer Institute (NCI) | N=240 --> 2 | Trial completion date: Oct 2027 --> Jun 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Oct 2027 --> Jan 2026

Orthotopic KRAS-mutant xenograft models (LOVO-Luc2 (N = 52) and SW480-Luc2 (N = 52)) were treated with standard-of-care regimens (FOLFOX, bevacizumab, or combination) and longitudinally imaged by CT (N = 104 tumour scans, N = 156 liver scans collected over 4 timepoints)...The most predictive features, GLSZM Gray Level Non-Uniformity, GLRLM Run Length Non-Uniformity Normalized, and GLDM Small Dependence Emphasis, were significantly associated with metastatic burden and survival in a clinical CRC cohort (N = 41), indicating species conservation and translational relevance. Collectively, these data demonstrate that preclinical CT radiomics can identify quantitative imaging features associated with treatment sensitivity and early metastatic progression, supporting translational potential.

P3, N=204, Recruiting, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University | Not yet recruiting --> Recruiting

GALNT5 facilitates malignant progression in CRC by promoting O-GalNAc glycosylation of EGFR and thereby activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, and confers resistance to L-OHP and 5FU through upregulation of ABCC1. These findings suggest GALNT5 as a potential diagnostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for overcoming chemoresistance in CRC.

P2, N=17, Terminated, University of Southern California | Active, not recruiting --> Terminated; Insufficient Accrual

P1/2, N=222, Not yet recruiting, Genfleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) Inc.

P1/2, N=186, Recruiting, Zhejiang Doer Biologics Co., Ltd. | Trial completion date: Jun 2026 --> Jun 2027 | Trial primary completion date: Apr 2026 --> Apr 2027

P3, N=300, Not yet recruiting, Suzhou Suncadia Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.

P2, N=30, Completed, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University | Not yet recruiting --> Completed | Trial completion date: Aug 2024 --> Sep 2025 | Trial primary completion date: Mar 2024 --> Sep 2025

P2/3, N=187, Completed, MIPO Clinic | Active, not recruiting --> Completed | Phase classification: P1/2 --> P2/3

Despite apparently favorable pathological staging and adjuvant FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy, the patient developed early biochemical progression with rapidly rising carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) levels, followed by widespread metastatic dissemination involving the liver, lung, spine, skeletal muscle, and multiple visceral sites...This case highlights the limitations of anatomical staging in PDAC and emphasizes the prognostic importance of tumor biology, including KRAS mutation status, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion. It also demonstrates the potential limitations of CA 19-9 as a solitary marker of treatment response in biologically aggressive disease.

The patient underwent radical nephrectomy followed by biomarker-guided FLOT (fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel) chemotherapy combined with camrelizumab immunotherapy, achieving a progression-free survival of approximately 7 months, accompanied by a temporary decline in tumor markers. Therapeutically, while the identified biomarker provided a rationale for precision therapy, the resulting clinical benefit was limited and transient. This suggests that the aggressive biology and spatial heterogeneity typical of CUP can attenuate the long-term efficacy of biomarker-guided interventions.